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Brain Injury and Bicycle Helmets

Bicycle Helmets and Head Injury


Injury-Control Recommendations: Bicycle Helmets
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

References

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2. Kraus JF, Fife D, Conroy C. Incidence, severity, and outcomes of brain injuries involving bicycles. Am J Public Health 1987;77:76-8.
3. Waller JA. Bicycle ownership, use and injury patterns among elementary school children. Pediatrics 1971;47:1042-50.
4. Sacks JJ, Holmgreen P, Smith SM, Sosin DM. Bicycle-associated head injuries and deaths in the United States from 1984 through 1988: how many are preventable? JAMA 1991; 266:3016-8.
5. Friede AM, Azzara CV, Gallagher SS, Guyer B. The epidemiology of injuries to bicycle riders. Pediatr Clin North Am 1985;32:141-51.
6. Selbst SM, Alexander D, Ruddy R. Bicycle-related injuries. Am J Dis Child 1987;141:140-4.
7. Rodgers GB. Bicycle and bicycle helmet use patterns in the United States: a description and analysis of national survey data. Washington, DC: US Consumer Product Safety Commission, 1993.
8. Guichon MP, Myles ST. Bicycle injuries: one-year sample in Calgary. J Trauma 1975;15:504-6.
9. Kraus JF. Epidemiologic features of injuries to the central nervous system. In: Anderson DW. Neuroepidemiology: a tribute to Bruce Schoenberg. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1991:333-53.
10. Lundar T, Nestvold K. Pediatric head injuries caused by traffic accidents: a prospective study with 5-year follow-up. Child's Nervous System 1985;1:24-8.
11. Belongia E, Weiss H, Bowman M, Rattanassiri P. Severity and types of head trauma among adult bicycle riders. Wis Med J 1988;87:11-4.
12. Weiss BD. Bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 1986;77:677-9.
13. Dorsch MM, Woodward AJ, Somers RL. Do bicycle safety helmets reduce severity of head injury in real crashes? Accid Annal Prev 1987;19:183-90.
14. Wasserman RC, Waller JA, Monty MJ, et al. Bicyclists, helmets and head injuries: a rider-based study of helmet use and effectiveness. Am J Public Health 1988;78:1220-1.
15. Wasserman RC, Buccini RV. Helmet protection from head injuries among recreational bicyclists. Am J Sports Med 1990;18:96-7.
16. CDC. Bicycle-related injuries: data from the National Electronic Injury Surveillance System. MMWR 1987;36:269-71.
17. Weiss BD. Childhood bicycle injuries: what can we do? Am J Dis Child 1987;141:135-6.
18. Hodgson VR. Impact, skid and retention tests on a representative group of bicycle helmets to determine their head-neck protective characteristics. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, Department of Neurosurgery, 1990.
19. Hodgson VR. Skid tests on a select group of bicycle helmets to determine their head-neck protective characteristics. Detroit, MI: Wayne State University, Department of Neurosurgery, 1991. 20. Bike helmets: unused lifesavers. Consumer Reports 1990;55:348-53.
21. Bishop PJ, Briard BD. Impact performance of bicycle helmets. Can J Sport Sci 1984;9:94-101.
22. Kukula K. Head protection is becoming easier to live with. Bicycling 1986(May);28-35.
23. American Society for Testing and Materials Committee on Standards. Standard specification for protective headgear used in bicycling (F1447-93). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993.
24. American National Standards Institute. American national standard for protective headgear -- for bicyclists (ANSI Z90.4-1984). New York: American National Standards Institute, Inc., 1984.
25. Snell Memorial Foundation. 1990 Standard for protective headgear for use in bicycling. St. James, NY: Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1990.
26. Williams M. The protective performance of bicyclists' helmets in accidents. Accid Anal Prev 1991;23:119-31.
27. Cass DT, Gray AJ. Paediatric bicycle injuries. Aust N Z J Surg 1989; 59:719-24.
28. American Society for Testing and Materials Committee on Standards. Standard test methods for equipment and procedures used in evaluating the performance characteristics of protective headgear (F1446-93). Philadelphia, PA: American Society for Testing and Materials, 1993.
29. Snell Memorial Foundation. 1994 Supplementary standard for protective headgear for use with bicycles. St. James, NY: Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1994.
30. Snell Memorial Foundation. 1994 Standard for protective headgear for use in non-motorized sports (Snell N-94). St. James, NY: Snell Memorial Foundation, Inc., 1994.
31. Graitcer PL. Standards and certification. Headlines: the Newsletter of the WHO Helmet Initiative 1993;2(3):1-2.
32. Public Health Service. Healthy people 2000: national health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington, DC: US Department of Health and Human Services 1990;DHHS publication no. (PHS)91-50213.
33. DiGuiseppi CG, Rivara FP, Koepsell TD, Polissar L. Bicycle helmet use by children: evaluation of community-wide helmet campaign. JAMA 1989;262:2256-61.
34. Howland J, Sargent J, Weitzman M, et al. Barriers to bicycle helmet use among children. Am J Dis Child 1989;143:741-4.
35. Vulcan AP, Cameron MH, Heiman L. Evaluation of mandatory bicycle helmet use in Victoria, Australia. 36th Annual Proceedings. Portland, OR: Association for the Advancement of Automotive Medicine, 1992.
36. Cote T, Sacks JJ, Lambert-Huber DA, et al. Bicycle helmet use among Maryland children: effect of legislation and education. Pediatrics 1992;89:1216-20.
37. Dannenberg AL, Gielen AC, Beilenson PL, Wilson MH, Joffe A. Bicycle helmet laws and educational campaigns: an evaluation of strategies to increase children's helmet use. Am J Public Health 1993;83:667-74.
38. Towner P, Marvel MK. A school-based intervention to increase the use of bicycle helmets. Fam Med 1992;24:156-8.
39. Parkin PC, Spence LJ, Hu X, et al. Evaluation of promotional strategy to increase bicycle helmet use by children. Pediatrics 1993;91:772-7.
40. Rodgers LW, Bergman AB, Rivara FP. Promoting bicycle helmets to children: a campaign that worked. J Musculoskeletal Med 1991;8:64-77.
41. Rivara FP, Thompson DC, Thompson RS, et al. The Seattle children's bicycle helmet campaign: changes in helmet use and head injury admissions. Pediatrics 1994;93:567-9.
42. Morris BAP, Trimble NE. Promotion of bicycle helmet use among schoolchildren: a randomized clinical trial. Can J Public Health 1991;82:92-4.

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